Week09

= Glossary for Ecological Footprint = Explore Definitions: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/page/glossary/
 * CCT434 Lesson #9 In Class Assignment: Ecological Footprint Terminology, Sustainable Housing and Affordable Green Housing and Green Gardens Professor Littlejohn **


 * acre : ** One U.S. acre is equal to 0.405 hectares. For U.S. audiences, Footprint results are often presented in global acres (ga), rather than global hectares. See, [|global hectare] [|hectare], [|local hectare].


 * area type : ** see [|land type]


 * biodiversity buffer : ** The amount of [|biocapacity] set aside to maintain representative ecosystem types and viable populations of species. How much needs to be set aside depends on biodiversity management practices and the desired outcome.


 * biological capacity or biocapacity : ** The capacity of ecosystems to produce useful biological materials and to absorb carbon dioxide generated by humans, using current management schemes and extraction technologies. “Useful biological materials” are defined as those used by the human economy, hence what is considered “useful” can change from year to year (e.g. use of corn (maize) stover for cellulosic ethanol production would result in corn stover becoming a useful material, and so increase the biocapacity of maize cropland). The biocapacity of an area is calculated by multiplying the actual physical area by the [|yield factor] and the appropriate [|equivalence factor]. Biocapacity is usually expressed in units of [|global hectares].


 * biological capacity available per person ( **//** or **//** per capita) : ** There were 13.4 billion hectares of [|biologically productive land and water] on this planet in 2005. Dividing by the number of people alive in that year, 6.5 billion, gives 2.1 [|global hectares]per person . This assumes that no land is set aside for other species that consume the same biological material as humans.


 * biologically productive land and water : ** The land and water (both marine and inland waters) area that supports significant photosynthetic activity and biomass accumulation used by humans. Non-productive areas as well as marginal areas with patchy vegetation are not included. Biomass that is not of use to humans is also not included. The total biologically productive area on land and water was approximately 13.4 billion hectares in 2005.


 * carbon Footprint : ** When used in Ecological Footprint studies, this term is synonymous with demand on [|carbon uptake land]. NOTE: The phrase “Carbon Footprint” or “carbon footprint” has been picked up in the climate change debate. There are several calculators that use the phrase “Carbon Footprint”, but many just calculate tonnes of carbon, or tonnes of carbon per euro, rather than demand on bioproductive area.


 * carbon uptake land: ** The demand on biocapacity required to sequester (through photosynthesis) the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from fossil fuel combustion. Although fossil fuels are extracted from the Earth's crust and are not regenerated in human time scales, their use demands ecological services if the resultant CO 2 is not to accumulate in the atmosphere. The Ecological Footprint therefore includes the biocapacity, typically that of unharvested forests, needed to absorb that fraction of fossil CO 2 that is not absorbed by the ocean.


 * consumption : ** Use of goods or of services. The term consumption has two different meanings, depending on context. As commonly used in regard to the Footprint, it refers to the use of goods or services. A consumed good or service embodies all the resources, including energy, necessary to provide it to the consumer. In full life-cycle accounting, everything used along the production chain is taken into account, including any losses along the way. For example, consumed food includes not only the plant or animal matter people eat or waste in the household, but also that lost during processing or harvest, as well as all the energy used to grow, harvest, process and transport the food.

As used in [|Input Output analysis], consumption has a strict technical meaning. Two types of consumption are distinguished: intermediate and final. According to (economic) [|System of National Accounts] terminology, intermediate consumption refers to the use of goods and services by a business in providing goods and services to other businesses. Final consumption refers to non-productive use of goods and services by households, the government, the capital sector, and foreign entities.


 * consumption components (also consumption categories) : ** Ecological Footprint analyses can allocate total Footprint among consumption components, typically food, shelter, mobility, goods, and services, often with further resolution into sub-components. Consistent categorization across studies allows for comparison of the Footprint of individual consumption components across regions, and the relative contribution of each category to the region's overall Footprint. To avoid [|double counting], it is important to make sure that consumables are allocated to only one component or sub-component. For example, a refrigerator might be included in either the food, goods, or shelter component, but not in all.


 * consumption Footprint : ** The most commonly reported type of [|Ecological Footprint]. It is the area used to support a defined population's consumption. The consumption Footprint (in gha) includes the area needed to produce the materials consumed and the area needed to absorb the carbon dioxide emissions. The consumption Footprint of a nation is calculated in the National Footprint Accounts as a nation's [|primary production Footprint] plus the Footprint of imports minus the Footprint of exports, and is thus, strictly speaking, a Footprint of apparent consumption. The national average or per capita Consumption Footprint is equal to a country's Consumption Footprint divided by its population.


 * Consumption Land Use Matrix : ** Starting with data from the National Footprint Accounts, a Consumption Land Use Matrix allocates the six major Footprint land uses (shown in column headings, representing the five [|land types] and carbon uptake land) to the five Footprint [|consumption components] (row headings). Each consumption component can be disaggregated further to display additional information. These matrices are often used as a tool to develop sub-national (e.g. state, county, city) Footprint assessments. In this case, national data for each cell is scaled up or down depending on the unique consumption patterns in the state, county or city.

Consumption Land Use **Matrix**
 * ||  Built-up Land   ||   Carbon uptake land   ||   Cropland   ||   Grazing Land   ||   Forest   ||   Fishing Ground   ||  ** Total **  ||
 * Food ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Shelter ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Mobility ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Goods ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * Services ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * ** Total ** ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||   ||


 * conversion factor : ** A generic term for factors which are used to translate a material flow expressed within one measurement system into another one. For example, a combination of two conversion factors—“[|yield factors]” and “[|equivalence factors]”— translates [|hectares] into [|global hectares]. The [|extraction rate] conversion factor translates a secondary product into [|primary product] equivalents.


 * Conversion Factor Library : ** See [|Footprint Intensity Table].


 * daughter product : ** The product resulting from the processing of a [|parent product]. For example wood pulp, a secondary product, is a daughter product of roundwood. Similarly, paper is a daughter product of wood pulp.


 * double counting : ** In order not to exaggerate human demand on nature, Footprint Accounting avoids double counting, or counting the same Footprint area more than once. Double counting errors may arise in several ways. For example, when adding the Ecological Footprints in a production chain (e.g., wheat farm, flour mill, and bakery), the study must count the cropland for growing wheat only once to avoid double counting. Similar, but smaller, errors can arise in analyzing a production chain because the end product is used in produce the raw materials used to make the end product (e.g. steel is used in trucks and earthmoving equipment used to mine the iron or that is made into the steel). Finally, when land serves two purposes (e.g. a farmer harvests a crop of winter wheat and then plants corn to harvest in the fall), it is important not to count the land area twice. Instead, the [|yield factor] is adjusted to reflect the higher bioproductivity of the double-cropped land.


 * Ecological debt : ** The sum of annual ecological deficits. [|Humanity’s Footprint] first exceeded global biocapacity in the mid-1980s, and has done so every year since. By 2005 this annual [|overshoot] had accrued into an ecological debt that exceeded 2.5 years of the Earth’s total productivity.


 * ecological deficit / reserve : ** The difference between the [|biocapacity] and [|Ecological Footprint] of a region or country. An ecological deficit occurs when the Footprint of a population exceeds the biocapacity of the area available to that population. Conversely, an ecological reserve exists when the biocapacity of a region exceeds its population's Footprint. If there is a regional or national ecological deficit, it means that the region is importing biocapacity through trade or liquidating regional ecological assets. In contrast, the global ecological deficit cannot be compensated through trade, and is therefore equal to [|overshoot].


 * Ecological Footprint : ** A measure of how much [|biologically productive land and water] an individual, population or activity requires to produce all the resources it consumes and to absorb the carbon dioxide emissions it generates using prevailing technology and resource management practices. The Ecological Footprint is usually measured in [|global hectares]. Because trade is global, an individual or country's Footprint includes land or sea from all over the world. Ecological Footprint is often referred to in short form as Footprint (not footprint).


 * Ecological Footprint Standards : ** Specified criteria governing methods, data sources and reporting to be used in Footprint studies. Standards are established by the Global Footprint Network [|Standards Committee] composed of scientists and Footprint practitioners from around the world. Standards serve to produce transparent, reliable and mutually comparable results in studies done throughout the Footprint Community. Where Standards are not appropriate, Footprint [|Guidelines] should be consulted. For more information, consult [|www.footprintstandards.org].
 * ecological reserve : ** See [|ecological deficit / reserve].


 * embodied energy : ** Embodied energy is the energy used during a product's entire life cycle in order to manufacture, transport, use and dispose of the product. Footprint studies often use embodied energy when tracking trade of goods.


 * energy Footprint : ** The sum of all areas used to provide non-food and non-feed energy. It is the sum of carbon uptake land, hydropower land, forest for fuelwood, and crop land for fuel crops.


 * equivalence factor : ** A [|productivity] based scaling factor that converts a specific [|land type] (such as cropland or forest) into a universal unit of biologically productive area, a [|global hectare]. For land types (e.g., cropland) with [|productivity] higher than the average productivity of all [|biologically productive land and water] area on Earth, the equivalence factor is greater than 1. Thus, to convert an average hectare of cropland to global hectares, it is multiplied by the cropland equivalence factor of 2.64. Pasture lands, which have lower productivity than cropland, have an equivalence factor of 0.5. See also [|yield factor].


 * extraction rate : ** A processing factor comparing the quantity of a [|parent product] to the quantity of the resulting [|daughter product]. When a parent product is processed its mass changes. For example, when wheat is processed into white flour, the bran and germ are stripped lessening its mass. Therefore, in order to calculate the number of hectares needed to produce a given mass of flour, an extraction rate is needed. This extraction rate in this example is the ratio of tonnes of flour divided by the tonnes of wheat processed to produce the flour.


 * Footprint Intensity : ** The number of global hectares required to produce a given quantity of resource or absorb a given quantity of carbon dioxide, usually expressed as global hectares per tonne. The [|National Footprint Accounts] calculate a primary Footprint Intensity Table for each country, which includes the global hectares of primary land use type needed to produce or absorb a tonne of product (i.e., global hectares of cropland per tonne of wheat, global hectares of forest per tonne carbon dioxide).


 * Footprint Intensity Table : ** A collection of the [|primary] and [|secondary] product Footprint intensities from the [|National Footprint Accounts]. Footprint intensity is usually measured in gha per tonne of product or waste (CO 2 ). The Footprint Intensity Table is maintained by Global Footprint Network, supported by the Network's National Accounts Committee.


 * Footprint neutral or negative : ** Human activities or services that result in no increase or a net reduction in humanity's [|Ecological Footprint] . For example, the activity of insulating an existing house has a Footprint for production and installation of the insulation materials. This insulation in turn reduces the energy needed for cooling and heating this existing house. If the Footprint reduction from this energy cutback is equal to or greater than the original Footprint of insulating the house, the latter becomes a Footprint neutral or negative activity. On the other hand, making a new house highly energy efficient does not by itself make the house Footprint neutral, unless at the same time it causes reduction in other existing Footprints. This Footprint reduction has to be larger than the Footprint of building and occupying the new house.


 * global hectare (gha) : ** A[| productivity] weighted area used to report both the biocapacity of the earth, and the demand on biocapacity (the Ecological Footprint). The global hectare is normalized to the area-weighted average productivity of [|biologically productive land and water] in a given year. Because different land types have different productivity, a global hectare of, for example, cropland, would occupy a smaller physical area than the much less biologically productive pasture land, as more pasture would be needed to provide the same biocapacity as one hectare of cropland. Because world bioproductivity varies slightly from year to year, the value of a gha may change slightly from year to year.


 * Guidelines (for Footprint studies) : ** Suggested criteria governing methods, data sources and reporting for use when Footprint [|Standards] are not appropriate or not yet developed.
 * hectare : ** 1/100th of a square kilometre, 10,000 square meters, or 2.471 acres. A hectare is approximately the size of a soccer field. See also [|global hectare] and [|local hectare]


 * IO (Input-Output) analysis : ** Input-Output (IO, also I-O) analysis is a mathematical tool widely used in economics to analyze the flows of goods and services between sectors in an economy, using data from [|IO tables]**.** IO analysis assumes that everything produced by one industry is consumed either by other industries or by final consumers, and that these consumption flows can be tracked. If the relevant data are available, IO analyses can be used to track both physical and financial flows. Combined economic-environment models use IO analysis to trace the direct and indirect environmental impacts of industrial activities along production chains, or to assign these impacts to final demand categories. In Footprint studies, IO analysis can be used to apportion Footprints among production activities, or among categories of final demand, as well as in developing [|Consumption Land Use Matrices].


 * IO (Input-Output) tables : ** IO tables contain the data that are used in [|IO analysis]. They provide a comprehensive picture of the flows of goods and services in an economy for a given year. In its general form an economic IO table shows //uses//--the purchases made by each sector of the economy in order to produce their own output, including purchases of imported commodities; and //supplies--//goods and services produced for intermediate and final domestic consumption, and exports. IO tables often serve as the basis for the economic National Accounts produced by national statistical offices. They are also used to generate annual accounts of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).


 * land type : ** The Earth's approximately 13.4 billion hectares of [|biologically productive land and water] are categorized into five types of surface area: cropland, grazing land, forest, fishing ground, and built-up land. Also called ”area type.”


 * life cycle analysis (LCA) : ** A quantitative approach that assesses a product's impact on the environment throughout its life. LCA attempts to quantify what comes in and what goes out of a product from “cradle to grave,” including the energy and material associated with materials extraction, product manufacture and assembly, distribution, use and disposal and the environmental emissions that result. LCA applications are governed by the ISO 14040 series of standards ([|http://www.iso.org]).


 * local hectare : ** A productivity weighted area used to report both the biocapacity of a local region, and the demand on biocapacity (the Ecological Footprint). The local hectare is normalized to the area-weighted average productivity of the specified region's [|biologically productive land and water]. Hence, similar to currency conversions, Ecological Footprint calculations expressed in global hectares can be converted into local hectares in any given year (e.g., Danish hectares, Indonesian hectares) and vice versa. The amount of Danish hectares equals the amount of bioproductive hectares in Denmark – each Danish hectare would represent an equal share of Denmark's total biocapacity.


 * National Footprint Accounts : ** The central data set that calculates the [|Footprints] and [|biocapacities] of the world and roughly 150 nations from 1961 to the present (generally with a three year lag due to data availability). The ongoing development, maintenance and upgrades of the National Footprint Accounts are coordinated by Global Footprint Network and its 70 plus [|partners].


 * natural capital : ** Natural capital can be defined as all of the raw materials and natural cycles on Earth. Footprint analysis considers one key component, //life supporting// natural capital, or ecological capital for short. This capital is defined as the stock of living ecological assets that yield goods and services on a continuous basis. Main functions include resource production (such as fish, timber or cereals), waste assimilation (such as CO 2 absorption or sewage decomposition) and life support services (such as UV protection, biodiversity, water cleansing or climate stability).


 * nuclear Footprint : ** Until the 2008 edition of the National Footprint Accounts, the Footprint of electricity generated by nuclear power was treated as equivalent, per kilowatt, to the world average Footprint of fossil-fuel derived electricity. As of the 2008 edition, this Footprint component is no longer included in the national calculations. This does not mean that the use of nuclear energy is free of risk or demands on the environment, only that these risks and demands are not easily expressed in terms of biocapacity. More specific concerns related to nuclear electricity include costs and undue subsidies, future waste storage, the risk of plant accidents, weapons proliferation and security risks.


 * overshoot : ** [|Global overshoot] occurs when humanity's demand on nature exceeds the biosphere's supply, or regenerative capacity. Such overshoot leads to a depletion of Earth's life supporting [|natural capital] and a build up of waste, such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. At the global level, [|ecological deficit] and overshoot are the same, since there is no net-import of resources to the planet. Local overshoot occurs when a local ecosystem is exploited more rapidly than it can renew itself.


 * parent product : ** The product processed to create a [|daughter product]. For example wheat, a [|primary product], is a parent product of flour, a secondary product. Flour, in turn, is a parent product of bread.


 * Planet Equivalent(s) : ** Every individual and country's [|Ecological Footprint] has a corresponding Planet Equivalent, or the number of Earths it would take to support humanity's Footprint if everyone lived like that individual or average citizen of a given country. It is the ratio of an individual's (or country's per capita) Footprint to the per capita [|biological capacity available on Earth](2.1 gha in 2005). In 2005, the world average Ecological Footprint of 2.7 gha equals 1.3 Planet Equivalents.


 * primary product : ** In Footprint Studies a primary product is the least processed form of a biological material that humans harvest for use. There is a difference between the raw product, which is all the biomass produced in a given area, and the primary product, which is the biological material humans will harvest and use. For example, a fallen tree is a raw product that, when stripped of its leaves and bark, results in the primary product of roundwood. Primary products are then processed to produce secondary products like wood pulp, paper, and so on. Other examples of primary products are potatoes, cereals, cotton, or forage. Examples of secondary products are kWh of electricity, bread, clothes, beef, or appliances.

nation's primary production Footprint is the sum of the Footprints for all of the resources harvested and all of the CO2 emissions generated within the defined geographical region. This includes all the area within a country necessary for supporting the actual harvest of primary products (cropland, pasture land, forestland and fishing grounds), the country's built-up area (roads, factories, cities), and the [|area] needed to absorb all fossil fuel carbon emissions generated within the country. In other words, the forest Footprint represents the area necessary to regenerate all the timber harvested (hence, depending on harvest rates, this area can be bigger or smaller than the forest area that exists within the country). Or, for example, if a country grows cotton for export, the ecological resources required are not included in that country's consumption Footprint; rather, they are included in the consumption Footprint of the country that imports the t-shirts. However, these ecological resources //are// included in the exporting country's primary production Footprint.
 * primary production Footprint (also primary demand) : ** In contrast to the [|consumption Footprint], a


 * productivity : ** The amount of biological material useful to humans that is generated in a given area. In agriculture, productivity is called [|yield].


 * secondary product : ** All products derived from primary products or other secondary products through a processing sequence applied to a primary product.


 * tonnes : ** All figures in the National Footprint Accounts are reported in metric tonnes. One metric tonne equals 1000 kg, or 2205 lbs.


 * yield : ** The amount of regenerated primary product, usually reported in tonnes per year, that humans are able to extract per area unit of [|biologically productive land or water].

Note that primary product and primary production Footprint are Footprint specific terms. They are not related to, and should not be confused with the ecological concepts of primary production, gross primary productivity (GPP) and net primary productivity (NPP)
 * yield factor : ** A factor that accounts for differences between countries in [|productivity] of a given [|land type]. Each country and each year has yield factors for cropland, grazing land, forest, and fisheries. For example, in 2005, German cropland was 2.3 times more productive than world average cropland. The German cropland yield factor of 2.3, multiplied by the cropland [|equivalence factor] of 2.6 converts German cropland hectares into [|global hectares]: one hectare of cropland is equal to 6.0 gha.


 * In Class Assignment: Affordable Green Housing: **** 1 hour 50 minutes **


 * Overview: **

-asthma – air quality, congestion, traffic emissions, factory emissions -how our health
 * TED Documentary on Health is Where you Live: **
 * Bill Davenhall: Your health depends on where you live **
 * http://www.ted.com/talks/bill_davenhall_your_health_depends_on_where_you_live.html **


 * 1. Why Bill Davenhall does he say that where you live determines your health? (1 paragraph) **

_Where we live determines our health, if we don’t protect carbon sequestration/farmland, etc. our air quality is going to decrease. Genetics, lifestyle, and environment : add to your health. Physicians question you on your lifestyle and genetics yet environment Is not included. Environment: work, places you lived, rest, flight, office, home, away from home – what risks are you exposed to? Example: place history – what is the quality of the drinking water, food, air locally? Geomedicine ____________________________________________________________

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 * 2. Describe why Bill Davenhall thinks that geomedicine is so very important as part of your medical file for your doctor. How would you trace your geomedical history? (2 paragraphs) **

___Geomedical history is a direct reverent of your health. __________________________________________________________

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While the modern definition of community focuses on the commonalities between its members, the scientific definition puts more emphasis on the variety of the individuals living within the community. Jonathan Rose, a third-generation New York developer, has built his philosophy around the concept that the diversity and complexity of a community is what provides its strength and ultimately its sustainability. New York City is known for its diversity, which is probably why there are so many strong communities in the city, but this diversity hasn’t always been reflected in its low-income housing. In an effort to provide as much housing as possible at the lowest cost, affordable housing projects have often ignored the social and cultural aspects of the community. Jonathan Rose has been striving to create a different approach by rethinking what affordable housing could and, in his opinion, should be.
 * e2 design “Affordable Green Housing” **
 * Background Essay **

The mission of Jonathan Rose’s company is to “repair the fabric of communities”. He attempts to accomplish this goal in many ways, only one of which is by building affordable housing projects that respect the natural environment around them, the people who will live within them and the existing communities that will welcome them.

This episode follows Mr. Rose through three neighborhoods in which his sustainably designed housing projects are changing people’s perception of what affordable housing is. The projects explored include the Burnham Building in Irvington, New York, the Joyce and David Dinkins’ Gardens project in Harlem, and the as-yet-to-be-built mixed-income development Via Verde that will ultimately find its realization in the South Bronx. To find out more about Jonathan Rose’s companies, visit []


 * 3. According to Jonathan Rose, how does diversity strengthen a community? What different types of diversity does he talk about? **

Diversity strengthens the community by: creating cohesion. Networks of communication, and economics all interrelate. The need to connect is innate with humanity. By increasing the diversity it increases the overall health of the community. Different types: cultural, social, economic, landscape (Trees and gardens, at locations where building does not interfere with sunlight) –power of landscapes to educate __________________________________________

__________Affordable housing – does not accommodate ‘community’___________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________suburbs, cars_______

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By utilizing diversity in a community, sustainability can be achieved
 * 4. Why does Jonathan Rose believe that a community is more likely to be sustainable if it’s diverse? Do you agree with him? Why or why not? **

Moral responsibility to make the world a better place “repair the fabric” of the urban city – Jewish heritage _____________________________________________________________ -by making the environment sustainable, quality of employment is enriched. Enable residents to invest in their community as opposed to flee. ___________________________________________ Safe and secure residence- new era of holistic design Idea: we have to start somewhere *you need stable housing – to reach aspiration

Sustainability and urban fabric: hand in hand. Healthier lifestyle _____________________________________________________________

_________By accommodating to the diverse needs of residents and ensuring a safe and healthy environment encorporating biophilic ____________________________________________________

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 * 5. How can a real-estate developer “repair the fabric of communities”? What types of buildings contribute to the fabric of a community in a positive way? In a negative way (e.g., homogeneous vs. heterogeneous population, commercial vs. residential, shared space vs. private space)? **

Buildings that combine libraries and affordable housing in a green way. They assist with reintegrating low income workers that serve the higher-income residents. This increases safety and removes stigma (economic leveling), in West Chester County. Buildings that segregate residents of different levels _____________________________________________________________ Salem: crime rate increases, drives people out _____________________________________________________________ Community sustainability: ownership his investment – take care of the building after it was built _____________________________________________________________

Mixed income use and ability – “eyes on the street” keeping the sidewalks vibrant – 1/3 foster kids age 18 – safe and secure place as well as support 2/3rd low income First floor is an ‘construction skills academy’ for trades -garden outdoors – ‘green space’ opposite of this – community garden *building as a case study: whole systems analysis of how it is built, educating residents, and integrating community to instill health, ownership, education; _____________________________________________________________

____________addressing health: asthma, 30 lanes of traffic -asthma attacks, parents miss work, have to worry about income -advanced air systems – 139 “affordable” family houses – green as humanly possible – carbon sequestration, biophilia – integrating buildings with nature take advantage if southern sun _________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________ return to South Bronx – in need of revitalization – “bombed out” old buildings, urban fabric: never ugly, always matches the area _____________________________________________________________

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 * Documentary #2; Season 3, Episode 1- e2 design "A Garden in Cairo" **
 * 6. List 5 ways in which Cairo benefited by greening their city: **

1. Self-sustained: able to set the rates. Trees and plants reduce and replace dust, cleansing air instead via carbon sequestration and absorbs condensation to cool the as opposed to the heat emitted from asphalt.

2. No class association with the green space, helping to remove stigma. The park was being used by all classes, not overpowered by one or the other. Fees: “price point” allows access to all, and enforces protection and self-governance by inputting value into the public space.

3. Communities adjacent to the park benefited from the project. Infill-housing ensures additional housing as well as providing an opportunity for capacity building.

4. Third place provides an area for the community to thrive. Repairing the social fabric of Cairo much like the revitalization of South Bronx.

5. Reemploying residents, allowing for disposable income to be made and allowing for their aspirations to be met. Training local workers in turn benefits the city as well as the individuals. The assets of the local community are nurtured and materials are derived locally as well. History of craftsmanship in Cairo is being brought back, residents are now learning how to sail, build boats, etc.

*Capacity building: to acquire skills, accodomate nature, revive dead space, and in turn transform an entire city.